Personality

=Personality= = =

Personality refers to a combination of ... lasting and distinctive behaviours, thoughts, motives and emotions that typify how we react and adapt to other people and situations. (Plotnik & Kouyoumdjian 2008). Personality is a relatively stable set of characteristics specific to an individual that determine how that individual acts and behaves when they are alone or in a group. (Uncovering Psychology Units 1 & 2)

Personality Type Theory
> > > ** Melancholy ** (depressed, sad) people were believed to have an excess of black bile, produced by the spleen. > > ** Sanguine ** (optimistic) people were believed to have too much blood; thought to come from the liver. > > ** Choleric ** (easily angered) people were thought to have too much yellow bile, produced by the gall bladder. > > ** Phlegmatic ** (calm, unemotional) people were thought to have an excess of phlegm, produced by the lungs and the brain.
 * Hippocrates (400BCE) and Galen (140CE)

> > He proposed the theory of //personality inflenced by somatotypes// concluding that body shapes corresponded to particular personality types as follows. > > > Sheldon’s **ectomorph**; ancient India’s //vata// - // thin body shape // —changeable, unpredictable, variable (in mood and actions), enthusiastic, imaginative and impulsive, quick to grasp ideas > > Sheldon’s **mesomorph**; ancient India’s //pita// - // muscular, well-built body shape // —predictable, articulate, intelligent, critical or passionate with short, explosive temper. > > Sheldon’s **endomorph**; ancient India’s //kapha -//// plump, rounded body shape // —cheerful, slow to anger, tends to procrastinate and be ostinate, lazy. > > Sheldon’s method: > 1 //Body form//—He photographed 4000 first- or secondyear male college students from behind, in their underwear, and rated their body form from a series of measurements. > 2 //Personality//—He surveyed the participants and rated them on 50 personality characteristics. > 3 //Results//—Sheldon found strong correlations between body shape and the personality dimensions. He generalised his conclusions, indicating that body type and personality are strongly related for all people.
 * William Sheldon (1940) (see Wiki)

=Personality Theories:=

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Dreams
Freud called dreams ‘the royal road to the unconscious’, believing that we cannot control our dreams, so they show us as we really are. His most famous book

// The Interpretation of Dreams // (1900)

explains how we dream in symbols so that we can satisfy our unfulfi lled wishes in a socially acceptable and guilt-free manner. For Freud, any long, thin object such as a pencil, knife, train or even a skyscraper was a phallic symbol, and in a dream it represented a penis. Similarly, any container—a purse, a jar or even a cargo ship—represented female genitals. By dreaming of ships, trains and skyscrapers, he believed people were revealing and safely dealing with sexual frustration.

Free association
Freud believed that by giving a person any stimulus that was able to be interpreted in more than one way (an ambiguous stimulus), the manner in which the person responded showed their innermost character. This could be done by simply saying a word and asking for a response, allowing the person to talk freely with one thought leading to another, or showing them a picture or pattern.

Freudian slips
If you wanted to borrow a pen from another student and asked, ‘Hey, John, can I borrow your lunch?’ instead of ‘ ... borrow your pen?’, Freud would say that the primitive urge of hunger had caused you to make the error. Has this ever happened to you? Be on the lookout. It happens a lot, and not all unconscious urges are as socially acceptable as hunger! (Oxford Psychology)

Defense Mechanisms:



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Self actualisation

Holland's Self-directed search:

[|Self-directed search]



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